Osteoporosis is a condition that weakens bones, making them fragile and more likely to break. Our bones are living tissue, constantly renewed through a process where old bone is broken down by cells called osteoclasts and replaced by new bone formed by osteoblasts. When this balance is disrupted, bones lose density and strength, leading to osteoporosis. While bone loss naturally increases with age, it can occur faster in individuals with osteoporosis, impacting people of all ages.
Understanding Osteoporosis
In Ireland, an estimated 300,000 people are affected by osteoporosis, often known as the "silent disease" because symptoms typically don’t appear until a fracture occurs. Common fracture sites include the wrist, hip, and spine.
Key Risk Factors for Osteoporosis:
- Age over 40
- Postmenopausal or premature menopause
- Overactive thyroid
- Family history of osteoporosis
- Certain cancers and medications
- Sedentary lifestyle, smoking, or excessive alcohol intake
- Low BMI
- Diet low in calcium and vitamin D
Prevention Tips for Osteoporosis
The best way to prevent osteoporosis is through adequate calcium and vitamin D intake and regular weight-bearing exercise.
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Exercise: Adults should aim for at least 30 minutes daily. Weight-bearing activities like walking, running, and aerobics strengthen bones and improve balance.
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Dietary Sources: Calcium is found in dairy products, fortified bread, oily fish, nuts, broccoli, and spinach. Vitamin D sources include eggs, oily fish, and fortified cereals. With limited sunshine in Ireland, many are deficient in vitamin D, so supplementation is often beneficial.
For most adults, a daily intake of 1g of calcium and 400-600 IU of vitamin D is recommended.
Bone Density Testing
A DXA scan measures bone density, helping diagnose osteoporosis. For those at risk or after a fracture, a DXA scan is recommended, with follow-up scans every two years.
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T-Score: This score compares your bone density with that of a healthy young adult.
- A score greater than -1 indicates normal bone density.
- Scores between -1 and -2.5 indicate osteopenia (early bone loss).
- Scores below -2.5 confirm osteoporosis.
Treatment Options for Osteoporosis
There are various treatments available, often tailored to individual needs and health conditions.
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Bisphosphonates: Common medications like alendronate, risedronate, and ibandronic acid help prevent bone resorption (breakdown).
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Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT): HRT reduces bone loss, particularly beneficial in the early postmenopausal years. However, due to safer alternatives, it’s generally used only when prescribed for other reasons.
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Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators (SERMs): Medications like raloxifene can help postmenopausal women increase bone density, especially in spinal osteoporosis.
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Monoclonal Antibodies: Denosumab (Prolia®) is an injection given every six months to improve bone density by preventing bone breakdown.
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Parathyroid Hormone Analogs: Teriparatide (Forsteo®) is a daily injection for stimulating new bone growth, typically used for up to two years before transitioning to other osteoporosis treatments.
Lifestyle Tips for Managing Osteoporosis
Preventing slips, falls, and protecting bones are crucial for those with osteoporosis. Here are practical steps to take:
- Home Safety: Use non-slip shoes, secure rugs, clear clutter, and ensure rooms are well-lit.
- Protecting Your Spine: To reduce stress on the vertebrae, carry items close to your body, bend your knees (not your back) when lifting, and maintain good posture.
- Regular Vision Checkups: Good eyesight reduces fall risks.
Osteoporosis management includes a balanced approach to diet, exercise, safety, and medical treatment. For further support and advice, visit McGorisk’s Pharmacy to explore options that can help you maintain bone health and quality of life.